Every brochure CAGR is a nominal number. It has not met inflation yet. Deflate it yourself before you decide it is enough for the goal you actually have.

Real return is a ratio, not a subtraction. Divide one plus the return by one plus inflation, then subtract one. The shortcut of just subtracting flatters you by a little every year, and a little compounds.

This is the case for taking risk, not against it. Cash loses this race standing still. Equity at least runs faster than the tax most of the time. That gap is the entire reason to own it.